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What is Tramadol? 1 Synthetic opioid with analgesic properties indicated for treatment of moderatesevere pain. Can be administered orally as immediate release or extended release tablets or as...
Introduction It is helpful to have an idea of how much fluid a patient should receive during an operation. Below are some rules of thumb to calculate the expected needs of a patients. Fluids should...
General Guidelines: Guidelines have recently changed for fasting. The Canadian Guidelines to the Practice of Anesthesia offer the most current and locally applicable guidelines: 1 Six hours aft...
Introduction This page will cover the basics of an anesthetic evaluation History of Presenting Illness Identify the proposed surgery and approach (e.g. laparoscopic, open, etc.) Identify the ...
Introduction The start of a case represents one of the highest risk periods in the operation. After a surgical timeout, the tools required for a safe induction can be remembered with the MDSOLES a...
Introduction Patients receiving anesthesia require a high degree of monitoring. Canadian guidelines on the practice of anesthesia outline the necessary monitors. 1 Monitors Required Monitors Pul...
Introduction Below is a checklist to follow when considering extubating a patient. Approach Airway Ensure the patient will be able to protect their own airway and that airway recapture is possible...
Ventilator Basics There are a variety of methods to ventilate patients in the OR once an Airway Devices|Airway is placed. As the name suggests, controlled modes of ventilation allow the anesthesiol...
What is Fentanyl? 12 Potent, synthetic opioid with rapid acting analgesic and sedative properties. Can be administered intravenously, intramuscularly, transdermally, transmucosally, or intrath...
What is Succinylcholine? 1 A depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drug Commonly used for rapid sequence induction and intubation due to its rapid onset and ultrashort duration of action. Succ...
What is Rocuronium? 1 An intermediateacting nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking drug (NDMR) used for rapid induction and intubation. Popular for short and intermediate procedures due to its...
What is Naloxone? 1 A pure opioid antagonist used to reverse the effects of opioid overdose, including respiratory depression, sedation, and hypotension. Mechanism of Action & Pharmaco...
What is Morphine? 1 Naturally occurring opioid analgesic derived from the opium poppy. Used for the management of moderate to severe pain. Mechanism of Action & Pharmacokinetics 12 ...
What is Hydromorphone? 1 Semisynthetic opioid analgesic derived from morphine. Used for the management of moderate to severe pain. Mechanism of Action & Pharmacokinetics 12 Primar...
What is Ketorolac? Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug used primarily for short term, acute pain management. Mechanism of Action 1 COX1 and COX2 inhibitor COX1: involved in platel...
What is Remifentanil? 1 Ultrashortacting synthetic opioid analgesic. Used for pain management and as an adjunct to anesthesia. Rapid onset and short duration of action. Mechanism of Action...
What is Sevoflurane? Volatile inhaled anesthetic agent used for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It is synthetic, colourless and nonflammable Mechanism of Action & Ph...
What is Desflurane? Volatile inhaled anesthetic agent used for maintenance of general anesthesia. Not often used for induction of anesthesia due to airway irritant properties. It is synthetic,...
What is a Rapid Sequence Induction (RSI)? 1 General anesthesia usually involves impairment of airway reflexes, thereby increasing aspiration risk If patients who require general anesthesia are...
What is Propofol? 12 Sedative agent for induction and maintenance of anesthesia. Rapid redistribution allows brief, deep sedation (e.g., joint reductions, cardioversions, ECT). Mechanism of ...
What is Neostigmine? Neostigmine is a cholinesterase inhibitor generally used to reverse nondepolarizing muscle relaxants like DrugLibrary/Rocuronium Ro...
What is Ketamine? Rapidly acting NMDA receptor antagonist that can be used for Induction of General Anesthesia, sedation, and Pain Management Mechanism of Action & Pharmacokinetics 12 ...
Mechanism of Action 12 Haloperidol is an antipsychotic that acts primarily as a dopamine D2 receptor antagonist. By blocking dopamine receptors, it inhibits the vomiting reflex, making it effe...
Mechanism of Action 1 Aprepitant is a neurokinin1 (NK1) receptor antagonist. NK receptors in the brain are involved in nausea. Pharmacology 1 Halflife: Approximately 40 hours Indicatio...
Bag Mask Ventilation BMV Basics Anesthetic machines come with several elements Mask forms a seal on the mouth. A good seal allows accurate reading of ETCO2 and ETO2 (to assess preoxygenation) ...
Mechanism of Action 12 Ondansetron is a selective 5HT₃ receptor antagonist that blocks serotonin receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), preventing the initiation of the vomiting refl...
What is Dexamethasone? Dexamethasone is a glucocorticoid used in the perioperative period for Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting and airway swelling. Mechanism of Action 12 Dexamethasone bin...
Introduction Pain management can be a complex topic in anesthesia. Patient factors, like age, comorbidities, and preexisting chronic pain can help guide analgesia during the operative period. Surgi...
Mechanism of Action 1 Central analgesic effect descending serotonergic pathways. Likely component of COX inhibition (similar to NSAIDs) Indications Analgesia (see Pain Management) Dosag...
Introduction Every patient coming for anesthesia requires an airway assessment. The goal of the airway assessment is to determine the ease of bagmask ventilation (BMV), tracheal intubation, LMA pla...
What is Nitrous Oxide? Inhalational agent used for general anesthetic induction. Combined with other drugs to augment an anesthetic and analgesic effect. Mechanism of Action & Pharmaco...
What is Midazolam? A benzodiazepine often used as a coinduction agent to provide amnestic and anxiolytic properties. Mechanism of Action & Pharmacokinetics 12 Facilitates the inhibi...
General Principles Many patients undergoing anesthesia will experience postoperative nausea and vomiting Antiemetic medications are given routinely during anesthesia. Combining agents of dif...